Gloednieuwe Carbon Nanotube Electrode materiaal voor Li-Ion batterijen pakt de energie-efficiëntie kloof

Good performance can be caused by conduction of ions and electrons in the electrode and efficient lithium storage on top of the nanotubes, stated they.While these types of electrodes could initially find applications in small lightweight devices, with additional research could lead to much better batteries for larger applications, such as in cars, suggests the team.Manufacture of certain layer-by-layer method is at the same time, a basic substance within solutions with carbon nanotubes that are treated with simple organic compounds that they all give either a positive or negative net cargo dipping. When these types of layers are alternated on the surface, connect them tight together thanks to the additional costs, building a stable and tough film.The carbon nanotubes self-assemble the right in a tight concatenated plex that is at the level of nanometer permeable. Moreover, the carbon nanotubes have many oxygen bands on their surfaces, which can hold a large number of lithium-ion; This allows the carbon nanotubes in the first instance to work as the positive electrode in lithium batteries, instead of just the negative electrode.This electrostatic self-assembly procedure is important, that Hammond says, because usually carbon nanotubes on a surface tend to heap much less exposed areas collectively, which undergo reactions. Through the integration of organic molecules on the nanotubes, they assemble in a manner which "has a heightened degree of porosity while having a large number of nanotubes present", she says.The electrodes the team had produced a few microns thicknesses up to, together with the progress in energy supplies only on high-power output amounts were noticed. Work In the future, the team strives to generate thicker electrodes and extending the improved performance on low-power outputs as well, they say.In its existing form, the material may have applications for small, transportable electronic gadgets, Shao-Horn sets, but as the well-known high-power capacity were shown a significantly thicker shape-with thicknesses of hundreds of microns-it ultimately ideal for other programs such as hybrid vehicles.While the electrode substance was produced by alternating dipping a substrate in a few different solutions-a fairly time-consuming course of action-Hammond indicates that the process could be modified by the different layers on a moving Ribbon of material, an approach now get formulated in her lab spray instead.This may end up the potential for a continuous manufacturing process that could be scaled up to high amounts for commercial production, and can also be used to get wider electrodes with a larger capacity of power open.Financing of the work was given by Dupont-MIT Alliance; the United States Office of Naval Research; together with the MRSEC program of the National Science Foundation.

NSTC Launches Nanotechnology Certification Training Programs

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: NSTC Launches Nanotechnology Certification Training Programs Noida, INDIA, 23rd November 2011

As on growing impact of Nanotechnology for benefit of the society is leading masses to get technically aware of the cutting edge technology, Nano Science and Technology Consortium (NSTC) has also taken up some steps in this regard and announces the Nanotechnology Certification Training Programs for different fields of Science, Engineering & Technology. NSTC is looking forward to sensitize students, professionals and industries with requisite knowledge of Nanotechnology and its associated branches through these programs. Programs are delivered through web based services (eLearning Management System) where participant can do the program of his/her interest at his/her place worldwide with his/her current work.

NSTC currently runs training programs in the area of Nanotechnology, Environment Health Safety and Scientific Technical Writing. These programs are delivered worldwide using a hybrid methodology 3program and Summer/Winter & Project Work on various topics related to Nanotechnology. NSTC provides the training programs according to field and interest of the participant which are briefly described here:

Short Duration Programs Nanopharmaceuticals & lts Efficacy in Drug Delivery 3 Weeks Silicon Nanostructures & Carbon Nanotubes Based Nanoelectronics 3 Weeks Hands on Nano Lab-A Practical Training Program 6 Days

Long Duration Programs Integrated Program in Nanotechnology 9 Months Industry Program in Nanotechnology 6 Months Nanoelectronics & Its Industrial Applications 6 Months Bionanotechnology & Its Medical Application Program 6 Months Nanopharmaceuticals & Its Industrial Applications 6 Months Nanotechnology Teacher's Training Program 3/6 Months Scientific & Technical Writing Program 6 Months Specializations: Content Writing OR Medical Writing Environment, Health & Safety (EHS) Compliance Professional Program 6 Months

NSTC is a non-governmental body which came into existence in the year 2005. It aims to provide the services that lead to awareness creation, research and development, consultancy, collaborations, technology transfer and commercialization of budding Nano-based technologies. NSTC has over 250 corporate and institutional members worldwide. NSTC has international MOU's with various Nanotechnology bodies in the areas of research, Nanomaterials and Nano-equipments globally.

NSTC has positioned itself as a unique and dependable resource for providing Nanotechnology Certification Training Programs through distance and eLearning and hands on practical work.

NSTC publishes Nanotechnology books and other educational aids ranging from school-level material to a primary research Journal entitled the "NanoTrends - A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications".

CONTACT: Gian Prakash Nano Science & Technology Consortium (NSTC) Phone Numbers: +91-120-4781215, +91- 9958161117 Fax Number: Email: gian@nstc.in Website: http://www.nstc.in/ Nanotechnology training programs, nanotechnology certification training programs

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New Solar Energy Facts - Carbon Nanotubes For Solar Energy Systems

With the need for alternative energy high on every priority list, engineers in every country are working with the hope of economizing solar energy so that it can be available even to modest businesses and individuals. Solar energy technology is improving, and one of the most spectacular improvements to date is the introduction of carbon nanotubes (hollow tubes of carbon atoms) into new solar energy systems. Carbon nanotubes are not recent discoveries, they were introduced several years ago and they were popularized for their strength. It was recognized that they could be used in the construction of airplanes, lighter and stronger automobiles, buildings, and even soft balls. But, new solar energy facts show that the introduction of carbon nanotubes into solar energy systems allows the level of energy storage of those systems to increase 100 fold in comparison to regular photovoltaic solar cells.This finding is credited, for the most part, to a group of MIT chemical engineers. Through their research, they found that by using carbon nanotubes, solar energy can be super concentrated. Their studies showed that the nanotubes could form antennas that are capable of capturing and focusing light energy more effectively thus allowing smaller and more powerful solar arrays.According to a recent study released in the Journal of Nature Materials by Michael Strano, Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering at MIT and the associated research team, the carbon nanotube antenna, or as they call it the "solar funnel", might also be useful for other applications that require concentrated light. Among these applications, they specifically made mention of night vision goggles and telescopes.At the most basic level, the way this process works; solar panels generate electricity by converting photons (packets of light energy) into an electric current. The nanotube boosts the number of photons that can be captured and then transforms this increased level of light into energy that can be funneled into the solar storage cell.What the MIT team accomplished was the construction a special antenna consisting of fibrous ropes, only 10 micrometers (millionths of a meter) long and 4 micrometers thick. Each fibrous rope contained about 30 million carbon nanotubes. These ropes or micro fibers were made up of two layers of nanotubes with different electrical properties or bandgaps*. The inner layer of the antenna contained nanotubes with a smaller bandgap than the outer layer. This is important because excitons flow from high energy to low energy or, in this specific case, from the outer layer to the inner layer where they can exist in a lower, yet still excited, energy state.So, what does all of this mean? Well, when light energy strikes the antenna, all of the excitons flow to the center of the fiber where they are concentrated and stored. Better methods of energy storage translate to improved efficiency and improved efficiency means more economical energy resources. As solar power becomes more economical more people will migrate to solar panel installation and solar powered homes and businesses.*Electrons can exist in any material at different energy levels. When a photon strikes the surface of the material it excites an electron to a higher energy level that is specific to that particular material. The interaction between the excited electron and the hole it leaves behind is called an exciton. The difference in energy levels between the hole and the electron has been labeled the bandgap.

Energy applications of nanotechnology - China flexible oil pipe - fuel oil pipe

Consumer products Recently, previously established and entirely new companies such as BetaBatt, Inc. and Oxane Materials are focusing on nanomaterials as a way to develop and improve upon older methods for the capture, transfer, and storage of energy for the development of consumer products. ConsERV, a product developed by the Dais Analytic Corporation, uses nanoscale polymer membranes to increase the efficiency of heating and cooling systems and has already proven to be a lucrative design. The polymer membrane was specifically configured for this application by selectively engineering the size of the pores in the membrane to prevent air from passing, while allowing moisture to pass through the membrane. Polymer membranes can be designed to selectively allow particles of one size and shape to pass through while preventing others of different dimensions. This makes for a powerful tool that can be used in consumer products from biological weapons protection to industrial chemical separations. A New York based company called Applied NanoWorks, Inc. has been developing a consumer product that utilizes LED technology to generate light. Light-emitting diodes or LEDs, use only about 10% of the energy that a typical incandescent or fluorescent light bulb use and typically lasts much longer, which makes them a viable alternative to traditional light bulbs. While LEDs have been around for decades, this company and others like it have been developing a special variant of LED called the white LED. White LEDs consist of semi-conducting organic layers that are only about 100 nanometers in distance from each other and are placed between two electrodes, which create an anode, and a cathode. When voltage is applied to the system, light is generated when electricity passes through the two organic layers. This is called electroluminescence. The semiconductor properties of the organic layers are what allow for the minimal amount of energy necessary to generate light. In traditional light bulbs, a metal filament is used to generate light when electricity is run through the filament. Using metal generates a great deal of heat and therefore lowers efficiency. Research for longer lasting batteries has been an ongoing process for years. Researchers have now begun to utilize nanotechnology for battery technology. mPhase Technologies in conglomeration with Rutgers University and Bell Laboratories have utilized nanomaterials to alter the wetting behavior of the surface where the liquid in the battery lies to spread the liquid droplets over a greater area on the surface and therefore have greater control over the movement of the droplets. This gives more control to the designer of the battery. This control prevents reactions in the battery by separating the electrolytic liquid from the anode and the cathode when the battery is not in use and joining them when the battery is in need of use. Thermal applications also are a future applications of nanothechonlogy creating low cost system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, changing molecular structure for better management of temperature Economic benefits The relatively recent shift toward using nanotechnology with respect to the capture, transfer, and storage of energy has and will continue to have many positive economic impacts on society. The control of materials that nanotechnology offers to scientists and engineers of consumer products is one of the most important aspects of nanotechnology. This allows for an improved efficiency of products across the board. A major issue with current energy generation is the loss of efficiency from the generation of heat as a by-product of the process. A common example of this is the heat generated by the internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine loses about 64% of the energy from gasoline as heat and an improvement of this alone could have a significant economic impact. However, improving the internal combustion engine in this respect has proven to be extremely difficult without sacrificing performance. Improving the efficiency of fuel cells through the use of nanotechnology appears to be more plausible by using molecularly tailored catalysts, polymer membranes, and improved fuel storage. In order for a fuel cell to operate, particularly of the hydrogen variant, a noble-metal catalyst (usually platinum, which is very expensive) is needed to separate the electrons from the protons of the hydrogen atoms. However, catalysts of this type are extremely sensitive to carbon monoxide reactions. In order to combat this, alcohols or hydrocarbons compounds are used to lower the carbon monoxide concentration in the system. This adds an additional cost to the device. Using nanotechnology, catalysts can be designed through nanofabrication that are much more resistant to carbon monoxide reactions, which improves the efficiency of the process and may be designed with cheaper materials to additionally lower costs. Fuel cells that are currently designed for transportation need rapid start-up periods for the practicality of consumer use. This process puts a lot of strain on the traditional polymer electrolyte membranes, which decreases the life of the membrane requiring frequent replacement. Using nanotechnology, engineers have the ability to create a much more durable polymer membrane, which addresses this problem. Nanoscale polymer membranes are also much more efficient in ionic conductivity. This improves the efficiency of the system and decreases the time between replacements, which lowers costs. Another problem with contemporary fuel cells is the storage of the fuel. In the case of hydrogen fuel cells, storing the hydrogen in gaseous rather than liquid form improves the efficiency by 5%. However, the materials that we currently have available to us significantly limit fuel storage due to low stress tolerance and costs. Scientists have come up with an answer to this by using a nanoporous styrene material (which is a relatively inexpensive material) that when super-cooled to around -196oC, naturally holds on to hydrogen atoms and when heated again releases the hydrogen for use. Capacitors: then and now For decades, scientists and engineers have been attempting to make computers smaller and more efficient. A crucial component of computers are capacitors. A capacitor is a device that is made of a pair of electrodes separated by an insulator that each stores an opposite charge. A capacitor stores a charge when it is removed from the circuit that it is connected to; the charge is released when it is replaced back into the circuit. Capacitors have an advantage over batteries in that they release their charge much more quickly than a battery. Traditional or foil capacitors are composed of thin metal conducting plates separated by an electrical insulator, which are then stacked or rolled and placed in a casing. The problem with a traditional capacitor such as this is that they limit how small an engineer can design a computer. Scientists and engineers have since turned to nanotechnology for a solution to the problem. Using nanotechnology, researchers developed what they call ltracapacitors. An ultracapacitor is a general term that describes a capacitor that contains nanocomponents. Ultracapacitors are being researched heavily because of their high density interior, compact size, reliability, and high capacitance. This decrease in size makes it increasingly possible to develop much smaller circuits and computers. Ultracapacitors also have the capability to supplement batteries in hybrid vehicles by providing a large amount of energy during peak acceleration and allowing the battery to supply energy over longer periods of time, such as during a constant driving speed. This could decrease the size and weight of the large batteries needed in hybrid vehicles as well as take additional stress off the battery. However, as of now, the combination of ultracapacitors and a battery is not cost effective due to the need of additional DC/DC electronics to coordinate the two. Nanoporous carbon aerogel is one type of material that is being utilized for the design of ultracapacitors. These aerogels have a very large interior surface area and can have its properties altered by changing the pore diameter and distribution along with adding nanosized alkali metals to alter its conductivity. Carbon nanotubes are another possible material for use in an ultracapacitor. Carbon nanotubes are created by vaporizing carbon and allowing it to condense on a surface. When the carbon condenses, it forms a nanosized tube composed of carbon atoms. This tube has a high surface area, which increases the amount of charge that can be stored. The low reliability and high cost of using carbon nanotubes for ultracapacitors is currently an issue of research. In a study concerning ultracapacitors or supercapacitors, researchers at the Sungkyunkwan University in the Republic of Korea explored the possibility of increasing the capacitance of electrodes through the addition of fluorine atoms to the walls of carbon nanotubes. As briefly mentioned before, carbon nanotubes are an increasing form of capacitors due to their superb chemical stability, high conductivity, light mass, and their large surface area. These researchers fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) at high temperatures to bind fluorine atoms to the walls. The attached fluorine atoms changed the non-polar nanotubes to become polar molecules. This can be attributed to the charge transfer from the fluorine. This created dipole-dipole layers along the carbon nanotube walls. Testing of these fluorinated SWCNTs against normal state SWCNTs showed a difference in capacitance. It was determined that the fluorinated SWCNTs are advantageous in fabricating electrodes for capacitors and improve the wettability with aqueous electrolytes, which promotes the overall performance of supercapacitors. While this study brought to knowledge a more efficient example of capacitors, little is known about this new supercapacitor, large scale synthesis is lacking and is necessary for any massive production, and preparation conditions are quite tedious in achieving the final product. Theory of capacitance Understanding the concept of capacitance can be helpful in understanding why nanotechnology is such a powerful tool for the design of higher energy storing capacitors. A capacitor capacitance (C) or amount of energy stored is equal to the amount of charge (Q) stored on each plate divided by the voltage (V) between the plates. Another representation of capacitance is that capacitance (C) is approximately equal to the permittivity () of the dielectric times the area (A) of the plates divided by the distance (d) between them. Therefore, capacitance is proportional to the surface area of the conducting plate and inversely proportional to the distance between the plates. Using carbon nanotubes as an example, a property of carbon nanotubes is that they have a very high surface area to store a charge. Using the above proportionality that capacitance (C) is proportional to the surface area (A) of the conducting plate; it becomes obvious that using nanoscaled materials with high surface area would be great for increasing capacitance. The other proportionality described above is that capacitance (C) is inversely proportional to the distance (d) between the plates. Using nanoscaled plates such as carbon nanotubes with nanofabrication techniques, gives the capability of decreasing the space between plates which again increases capacitance. See also Nanotechnology Energy Capacitor Fuel Cell References ^ Lee et al. "Fabrication of Supercapacitor Electrodes Using Fluorinated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." American Chemical Society. May 2003: Volume 103. External links http://www.conserv.com/ http://www.appliednanoworks.com/ http://www.mphasetech.com/ http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1123 http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~matti/ise2grp/energystorage_report/node9.html Categories: Nanotechnology

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What Is Nanotechnology And How Will It Change Our Lives

Nanotechnology is a scientific discipline that is focused on manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular level. It involves working on a nanoscale, this is a scale that is too small to be seen with a regular light microscope. One nanometre is amazingly one-billionth the size of a meter, and atoms are even smaller. Though it is almost impossible to give an accurate quantification of an atom's size, as they do not usually hold a specific shape, most are described as having a diameter that is a tenth of a nanometer.Through nanotechnology we can manipulate molecules and create a range of fascinating and useful materials that have amazing properties. One of the best examples would be the carbon nanotube. To make a carbon nanotube you start with a graphite molecule sheet which is then rolled up to become a tube. It is the orientation of the actual molecules that help determine a nanotube's inherent properties. A carbon nanotube is hundred of times tougher than steel, though only has a weight that is one-sixth of steel.The number of applications for this type of technology is almost endless, by using the basic building blocks of matter, amazing creations can be brought to life. For example, by adding zinc oxide nano-particles into a sun screen cream, individuals can be protected against the harmful ultra-violet rays of the sun with an efficiency far greater than is had through regular sun block products.The biomedical industry is at the forefront of research into nanotechnology. It is hoped that this discipline will help in the treatment of various diseases and ailments in the coming decades. Already, doctors have been attempting to manipulate the molecules that make up the protein casings of viruses to administer small amount of drugs which can combat cancer.There are new discoveries being made in this field on a constant basis. Researchers have recently found that a metal such as gold has different properties of temperature and magnetism at the nanoscale than it has when in bulk. This is information that is extremely important for the manufacturing industry.As more research and investment is directed into this field, it is not an exaggeration to say that nanotechnology will revolutionize all of our lives. We should never underestimate the power of the smallest particles and molecules. It will not be long before nanoscale objects will become used and adapted to benefit us all.

CURRENT TRENDS ON NANO ELECTRONICS

Authors: Yaram Narasimhareddy,V.Chandarasekhara Raju,M.V.SubbaRao

ABSTRACT: Nanoelectronics is potentially one of the branches of Nanotechnology with the most significant commercial impact and covers a very wide range of interdisciplinary areas of research and development such as telecommunications, automotive, multimedia, consumer goods and medical systems. The emergence of new research directions such as Hybrid molecular electronics, One dimensional structures such as nanowires, Nano-electromechanical-systems (NEMS) or Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) will strategically impact on future developments in the nanoelectronics domain and their long-term applications. Nanotubes, Nanocapsules, Nanotextiles, Stretchable silicon, Nanoelectronic displays and difficult problems in nanotechnology are office without the need for wires. The computers connect to the network using radio signals and computers can be up to 100 feet or so apart. Utilizing the well understood chemical properties of atoms & molecules, nanotechnology proposes the construction of novel molecular devices possessing extraordinary properties. The single electron transistor or SET is a new type of switching device that uses controlled electron tunneling to amplify current. At last, the SET presents that it is the different construction is which is based on helical logic, atomic scale motion of electrons in an applied rotating electric field.

INTRODUCTION: Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology on electronic components, especially transistors. Although the term nanotechnology is generally defined as utilizing technology less than 100 nm in size, nanoelectronics often refer to transistor devices that are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively. As a result, present transistors do not fall under this category, even though these devices are manufactured with 45 nm, 32 nm or 22 nm technology. Nanoelectronics are sometimes considered as disruptive technology because present candidates are significantly different from traditional transistors. Some of these candidates include: hybrid molecular/semiconductor electronics, one dimensional nanotubes/nanowires, or advanced molecular electronics.

CARBON NANOTUBES: 100 amps of electricity crackle in a vacuum chamber, creating a spark that transforms carbon vapor into tiny structures. Depending on the conditions, these structures can be shaped like little, 60-atom soccer balls, or like rolled-up tubes of atoms, arranged in a chicken-wire pattern, with rounded ends. These tiny, carbon nanotubes, discovered by Sumio Iijima at NEC labs in 1991, have amazing properties. They are 100 times stronger than steel, but weigh only one-sixth as much! They are incredibly resilient under physical stress; even when kinked to a 120-degree angle, they will bounce back to their original form, undamaged. And they can carry electrical current at levels that would vaporize ordinary copper wires.Moore's Law states that the number of transistors that can be placed on a silicon chip will double every 18 months. Scientists have been predicting the breakdown of this law, however, because the physical limits of techniques used to create silicon chips are being pushed to the extreme. Soon, the wires needed to build such densely populated chips will have to be finer than those capable through photolithographic technology. One contender for new electronics materials is carbon nanotubes. They can be manufactured to be only 1or 2 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length. Structural relatives to fullerenes, carbon nanotubes have been the object of theoretical work for the past few years. One of the fascinating characteristics of this class of carbon compounds is their dual nature depending on their diameter, they can function either as conductors or semiconductors.Another problem with using carbon nanotubes is placing them on a surface so that they go in a particular direction. Several alignment methods of nanotubes have been tried, such as chemical vapor deposition, epoxy resin clipping, film rubbing, and carbon arc discharge. M. Fujiwara and colleagues at Hiroshima University have reported a method for using magnetic fields to orient nanotubes in an April 12 ASAP.

NANO CAPSULES: the ideal case for optimal activity would be to entrap the ODNs within the internal core of polymeric nanocapsules in order to mask them and to prevent them from any interaction with proteins. In the state of the art, all the methodologies available to prepare nanocapsules involve the preparation of emulsions, either O/W emulsions which lead to nanocapsules with an oily core suspended in water (Al Khouri process) or W/O emulsions which lead to nanocapsules with an aqueous core suspended in oil (Vranckx). Oily nanocapsules are unable to encapsulate the water soluble ODNs and aqueous nanocapsules in an oily phase are not compatible with the conditions for i.v. administration. This is the reason why, in this study, we have developed a new process of preparation of aqueous nanocapsules containing ODNs which were successfully suspended in a water medium. We have localized the ODNs in the core of these nanocapsules which explains why this carrier is providing a high protection of ODNs against enzymatic degradation.

STRETCHABLE SILICON COULD BE NEXT WAVE IN ELECTRONICS: Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have developed a fully stretchable form of single-crystal silicon with micron-sized, wave-like geometries that can be used to build high-performance electronic devices on rubber substrates. "Stretchable silicon offers different capabilities than can be achieved with standard silicon chips,", stretchable and bendable electronics could be used in applications such as sensors and drive electronics for integration into artificial muscles or biological tissues, structural monitors wrapped around aircraft wings, and conformable skins for integrated robotic sensors, said Rogers To create their stretchable silicon, the researchers begin by fabricating devices in the geometry of ultrathin ribbons on a silicon wafer using procedures similar to those used in conventional electronics. Then they use specialized etching techniques to undercut the devices. The resulting ribbons of silicon are about 100 nanometers thick - 1,000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. In the next step, a flat rubber substrate is stretched and placed on top of the ribbons. Peeling the rubber away lifts the ribbons off the wafer and leaves them adhered to the rubber surface. Releasing the stress in the rubber causes the silicon ribbons and the rubber to buckle into a series of well-defined waves that resemble an accordion. "The resulting system of wavy integrated device elements on rubber represents a new form of stretchable, high-performance electronics,- "The amplitude and frequency of the waves change, in a physical mechanism similar to an accordion bellows, as the system is stretched or compressed. -œAs a proof of concept, the researchers fabricated wavy diodes and transistors and compared their performance with traditional devices. Not only did the wavy devices perform as well as the rigid devices, they could be repeatedly stretched and compressed without damage, and without significantly altering their electrical properties.- These stretchable silicon diodes and transistors represent only two of the many classes of wavy electronic devices that can be formed "In addition to individual devices,complete circuit sheets can also be structured into wavy geometries to enable stretchability.

SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR: The SET transistor can be viewed as an electron box that has two separate junctions for the entrance and exit of single electrons (as in figure ). It can also be viewed as a field-effect transistor in which the channel is replaced by two tunnel junctions forming a metallic island. The voltage applied to the gate electrode affects the amount of energy needed to change the number of electrons on the island. The SET transistor comes in two versions that have been nicknamed "metallic" and "semiconducting". These names are slightly misleading, however, since the principle of both devices is based on the use of insulating tunnel barriers to separate conducting electrodes. In the original metallic version, a metallic material such as a thin aluminium film is used to make all of the electrodes. The metal is first evaporated through a shadow mask to form the source, drain and gate electrodes. The tunnel junctions are then formed by introducing oxygen into the chamber so that the metal becomes coated by a thin layer of its natural oxide. Finally, a second layer of the metal - shifted from the first by rotating the sample - is evaporated to form the island. In the semiconducting versions, the source, drain and island are usually obtained by "cutting" regions in a two-dimensional electron gas formed at the interface between two layers of semiconductors such as gallium aluminium arsenide and gallium arsenide. In this case the conducting regions are defined by metallic electrodes patterned on the top semiconducting layer. Negative voltages applied to these electrodes deplete the electron gas just beneath them, and the depleted regions can be made sufficiently narrow to allow tunneling between the source, island and drain. Moreover, the electrode that shapes the island can be used as the gate electrode. In this semiconducting version of the SET, the island is often referred to as a quantum dot, since the electrons in the dot are confined in all three directions. Indeed, it has been possible to construct a new periodic table that describes dots containing different numbers of electrons.

OPERATION OF SET TRANSISTOR: The key point is that charge passes through the island in quantized units. For an electron to hop onto the island, its energy must equal the Coulomb energy e2/2C. When both the gate and bias voltages are zero, electrons do not have enough energy to enter the island and current does not flow. As the bias voltage between the source and drain is increased, an electron can pass through the island when the energy in the system reaches the Coulomb energy. This effect is known as the Coulomb blockade, and the critical voltage needed to transfer an electron onto the island, equal to e/C, is called the Coulomb gap voltage. Now imagine that the bias voltage is kept below the Coulomb gap voltage. If the gate voltage is increased, the energy of the initial system (with no electrons on the island) gradually increases, while the energy of the system with one excess electron on the island gradually decreases. At the gate voltage corresponding to the point of maximum slope on the Coulomb staircase, both of these configurations equally qualify as the lowest energy states of the system. This lifts the Coulomb blockade, allowing electrons to tunnel into and out of the island. The Coulomb blockade is lifted when the gate capacitance is charged with exactly minus half an electron, which is not as surprising as it may seem. The island is surrounded by insulators, which means that the charge on it must be quantized in units of e, but the gate is a metallic electrode connected to a plentiful supply of electrons. The charge on the gate capacitor merely represents a displacement of electrons relative to a background of positive ions.

COUNTING ELECTRONS WITH SET:If we further increase the gate voltage so that the gate capacitor becomes charged with -e, the island again has only one stable configuration separated from the next-lowest-energy states by the Coulomb energy. The Coulomb blockade is set up again, but the island now contains a single excess electron. The conductance of the SET transistor therefore oscillates between minima for gate charges that are integer multiples of e, and maxima for half-integer multiples of e (figure 3).Accurate measures of charge Such a rapid variation in conductance makes the single-electron transistor an ideal device for high-precision electrometry. In this type of application the SET has two gate electrodes, and the bias voltage is kept close to the Coulomb blockade voltage to enhance the sensitivity of the current to changes in the gate voltage. The voltage of the first gate is initially tuned to a point where the variation in current reaches a maximum. By adjusting the gate voltage around this point, the device can measure the charge of a capacitor-like system connected to the second gate electrode. A fraction of this measured charge is shared by the second gate capacitor, and a variation in charge of ¼e is enough to change the current by about half the maximum current that can flow through the transistor at the Coulomb blockade voltage. The variation in current can be as large as 10 billion electrons per second, which means that these devices can achieve a charge sensitivity that outperforms other instruments by several orders of magnitude.

The precision with which electrons can be counted is ultimately limited by the quantum delocalization of charge that occurs when the tunnel-junction conductance becomes comparable with the conductance quantum, 2e2/h. However, the current through a SET transistor increases with the conductance of the junctions, so it is important to understand how the single-electron effects and Coulomb blockade disappear when the tunnel conductance is increased beyond 2e2/h.

Towards room temperatureUntil recently single-electron transistors had to be kept at temperatures of a few hundred millikelvin to maintain the thermal energy of the electrons below the Coulomb energy of the device. Most early devices had Coulomb energies of a few hundred microelectronvolts because they were fabricated using conventional electron-beam lithography, and the size and capacitance of the island were relatively large. For a SET transistor to work at room temperature the capacitance of the island must be less than 10-17 F and therefore its size must be smaller than 10 nm.Researchers have long considered whether SET transistors could be used for digital electronics. Although the current varies periodically with gate voltage - in contrast to the threshold behaviour of the field-effect transistor - a SET could still form a compact and efficient memory device. However, even the latest SET transistors suffer from "offset charges", which means that the gate voltage needed to achieve maximum current varies randomly from device to device. Such fluctuations make it impossible to build complex circuits. One way to overcome this problem might be to combine the island, two tunnel junctions and the gate capacitor that comprise a single-electron transistor in a single molecule - after all, the intrinsically quantum behaviour of a SET transistor should not be affected at the molecular scale. In principle, the reproducibility of such futuristic transistors would be determined by chemistry, and not by the accuracy of the fabrication process. Only one thing is certain: if the pace of miniaturization continues unabated, the quantum properties of electrons will become crucial in determining the design of electronic devices before the end of the next decade.

MAKING NANO ELECTRONICS FOR DISPLAYS: Today's flat-screen LCD televisions are made in enormous, expensive chambers in which the electronics that control individual pixels in the display are formed on large slabs of glass.Improving LCDs is only the first step. the technique could make it feasible to build televisions using bright and colorful light emitting diodes (LEDs) of the type used in the enormous screens at sports arenas. Because the printing method would make it easier to integrate the materials needed,the LEDs could be much smaller and more tightly packed than these large-format displays. And since the printing technique can make high-performance devices on flexible substrates, it could pave the way to roll-up LED displays.The ability to print onto a curved surface could also make it possible to mimic the compact structure of the human eye, which could lead to smaller night-vision equipment.

DIFFICULT PROBLEMS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY: 1. Precise and arbitrary manipulation and positioning of large numbers of nanostructures. 2. The development of improved techniques for multi-scale modeling (i.e., unified approaches for the modeling across multiple scales of extended systems of nanostructures). 3. The design, fabrication, and demonstration of an extended nanocomputer system that is integrated on the molecular scale (i.e., the nanometer scale), including both an ultra-dense nanoprocessor and an ultra-dense nanomemory array. 4. Development of techniques for imaging atomic-scale features in real time under a wide range of conditions. 5. Better understanding of the health issues related to nanoparticles and other nanostructures. 6. Bulk synthesis or bulk separation of carbon nanotubes with controlled chirality's. 7. Improved theories for understanding and predicting physical processes (chemical reactions, atomic transport, crystal structures, etc.) at nanometer length scales. 8. Although nanoelectronic technology holds promise for the future, it is still under development and practical applications are unlikely to emerge in the near future.

CONCLUSION: In summary, research in the field of bio-molecular nanoelectronics bears a huge potential for both fundamental understanding and technological exploitation in several aspects related to human development, from medical diagnostics/therapy tocomputation and a variety of (opto)electronic devices.It is in our hands to make the best utilization of nano technology in the present and upcoming days. A common thread between Stone Age, medieval, industrial and molecular nanotechnology is the exponential curve. This ever-accelerating curve representing human knowledge, science and technology will be driven a new way by what will probably become the first crude, pre-assembler nanotech products.By treating atoms as discrete, bit like objects, molecular manufacturing will bring a digital revolution to the production of material objects. Working at the resolution limit of matter, it will enable the ultimate in miniaturization and performance. Research programs in chemistry, molecular biology and scanning probe microscopy are laying the foundations for a technology of molecular machine systems. The motion of electrons in a transistor has been described as a complex dance. Switching action in one property of a transistor that has been demonstrated. Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley were concerned about the amplification properties of transistors they had invented. It remains to see whether amplification can be achieved to any experimentally observable extent in such a single atom transistor.

REFERENCES: 1.MacDiarmid A.G., -œSynthetic Metals-: A Novel Role for Organic Polymers (Nobel Lecture), Angew. Chem. 2.Dresselhaus M.S., Dresselhaus G., Avouris Ph. (Eds.), Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and 3. Alexander Hellemans. -œ Step Towards Molecular Electronics-, IEEE Spectrum, November 2001, PP 18 . 4. The National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors ~Semiconductors Industry Association, San Jose, CA, 1994! 5. K. K. Likharev and A. N. Korotkov, in Proceedings of the 1995 International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium, ~University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 1995!, p. 335. 6. L. Guo, E. Leobandung, and S. Chou, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 850 ~1997!. 7.M. Fukuma, in Digest of Technical Papers, Symposium on VLSI Technology, San Diego, CA, 10-13 May 1988 ~unpublished!, pp. 7 and 8. 8. D. J. Frank, S. E. Laux, and M. V. Fischetti, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 40, 2103 ~1993!.6 A. A. Grinberg and S. Luryi, J. Appl. Phys. 61, 1181 ~1987!. 9. T. Ando, A. B. Fowler, and F. Stern, Rev. Mod. Phys. 54, 437 ~1982!. 10. F. Balestra, S. Cristoloveanu, M. Benachir, J. Brini, and T. Elewa, IEEE Electron Device Lett. 8, 410 ~1987!. 11. T. Tanaka, K. Suzuki, H. Horie, and T. Sugii, IEEE Electron Device Lett. 15, 386 ~1994!. 12. Y. Taur, D. A. Buchanan, W. Chen, D. J. Frank, K. E. Ismail, S.-H. Lo, G.A. Sai-Halasz, S. G. Viswanathan, H.-J. C. Wann, S. J. Wind, and H.-S.Wong, Proc. IEEE 85, 486 ~1997!. 13. K. K. Young, IEEE Electron. Dev. 36, 504 ~1989!; V. Aggarwal et al.,Solid-State Electron. 37, 1537 ~1994!. 14. J. Tucker, C. Wang, and P. S. Carney, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 618 ~1994!. 15. B. Prince, Semiconductor Memories, 2nd ed. ~Wiley, Chichester, 1991!. 16. B. Brar, G. D. Wilk, and A. C. Seabaugh, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 2728~1996!. FIG. 4. Linear current density j ~solid lines! and voltage gain GV 5dV/dVguI5const ~dashed lines! as functions of gate voltage Vg for various channel lengths L and source-drain voltage near the onset of saturation (V 50.52 V). The fine hatching shows the area of parameters where the gate leakage current exceeds the drain current. The coarse hatching shows the region where the intrinsic carriers in the channel cannot be ignored. Appl.

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Carbon NanoTubes and Applications

If you were an engineer and wanted to build something that would last a long time, take the ultimate of abuse from the elements and could even withstand a Category 5 Hurricane, well then; what would you make it out of?Perhaps you would want a material that is stronger than steel, flexible and yet, harder than diamonds; indeed and that is what she said. No more viagra needed? But in all seriousness can you image a real legitimate use for this type of material? How about replacing wooden dams in flood prone areas or cement dams in Earthquake prone regions? How about a car that you could play bumper cars with and never lose, the ultimate urban assault vehicles? Speaking of urban assault and the war in Iraq which is similar to the Los Angeles Freeways, how about a Humvee made out of that kind of material. Yah that would save our Troops from roadside bombs and murderous cowardice International Terrorists indeed. What if you were making these units out of a material that was ten times lighter than steel and 250 times the strength?Well as an engineer you would be making bridges, nuclear power plants, ships, airplanes, cars, buildings and swimming pools out of it. You would be thinking of Space Shuttles, Lunar Colonies, Satellites, iPods and even the levees in New Orleans, but the more you thought about it, you would say; Golf Clubs, fishing poles and snow boards; boy you do need a vacation don't you? Yes and they you would be re-designing the Château, ski lift and making yourself a new snow mobile too.You would water pipes, oil pipelines, aqueducts and Space Needles out of the stuff. You are a true American entrepreneur I can tell, so I am thinking you wish to make flag poles, Washington Monument and even the Statue of Liberty out of this stuff. Oh, did I tell you that this material could conduct electricity and even remain invisible to the naked eye? Oh, there goes your engineering mind again, underground Internet lines; high-tension power lines and ditch those lightning prone telephone wires too. Well, I guess we agree that Carbon Nanotubes are the material of the future then. Think on this.

Modern Day Carbon Nanotubes May Produce Asbestos-Related Mesothelioma

New developments in nanotechnology may present health hazards similar to those caused by exposure to asbestos such as the asbestos cancer mesothelioma. Recent findings, as reported by Nature Nanotechnology, report on the risks of nanotechnology advancements that have resulted in the production and integration of carbon nanotubes as a wonder-fiber of the 21st century. These fibers are as light as plastic, but stronger than steel and have been developed for use in a variety of products, from energy-efficient batteries to other futuristic electronic devices, sports equipment and even drugs. The study suggests that some of the carbon nanotubes have been structured to closely resemble asbestos fibers. Unfortunately, they not only resemble the fibrous material in structure; they also could "mimic" the destructive behavior of asbestos, potentially causing serious diseases of the lungs such as mesothelioma and other cancers. Despite the health risk, many products have already been made for carbon nanotubes, fueling concern that widespread use could result in occupational and environmental hazards similar to those experienced by workers exposed to asbestos. The latest data, as quoted in Chemical & Engineering News, a U.S. periodical publication, speculates that sales of all variety of nanotubes may reach $2 billion dollars annually in the next four to six years.

Although recent research suggests that there are possible health risks associated with the inhalation of carbon nanotube materials - risks that resemble the causation of asbestosis and mesothelioma - no further work has been completed to determine how or whether these high tech particles might become airborne, thereby affecting people who might inhale the materials. For more detailed information on mesothelioma or for guidelines on finding an experienced mesothelioma law firm, visit www.Mesotheliomanews.com. Here, victims of mesothelioma can research mesothelioma doctors, cancer treatment centers, support services and information about the legal process. About the Author: Vicki is interested in mesothelioma and keeps up to date on the latest developments by reading www.mesotheliomanews.com on a regular basis.

Uneven Vertical Carbon Nanotube Arrays with Quantum Dots on Top for Increased Solar Cell Efficiency

Is the United States and her top researchers in solar technology on the verge of an efficiency breakthrough in solar efficiency? I believe so, and believe that it is just over the horizon and the Sun is rising along with the prospects of a bright future in solar energy. Let me explain. Recently, I've been attending talks, reading research papers, and listening to the chatter in the industry. It seems Universities, Corporate R and D, and privately funded start-ups are working furiously to develop this future.An interesting article in Technology Review published on September 30, 2010 entitled; "Upping the Limits on Solar Cell Efficiency - Nanomaterials could help solar cells convert more sunlight into electricity than once thought possible," by Kevin Bullis has some rather intriguing findings and comments on new solar efficiency experiments which could lead to a break-through.Indeed, I'd say that this a brilliant use of this technology. Just imagine where that might go in the future as such an application hits the market place and as new discoveries are made and new applications stumbled upon by entrepreneurs. That company and companies like it are on the verge of a game-changer.The article above has some rather intriguing findings and comments on new solar efficiency experiments which could lead to a break-through. And I'd like to add my own mind's eye and two-cents to such technology, and propose another potential innovation after thinking on this for a few moments. This is my invention idea.Okay so, well what if we used - Uneven Vertical Carbon Nanotube Arrays with Quantum Dots on Top for Increase Solar Cell Efficiency, with hairline gaps between them and quantum dots along the sides too, thus all the photons coming in could be converted, rather than just some. I think that could work better than layered or multi-coat strategies to do the same thing, still, it would be a rather thin material in all "sheet of paper +" in width, and still viable for roll on coatings or, if we used another strategy, mix it into "latex paint" then align all the nanotubes with a electronic pulse or magnet as it was applied, then hook up electrodes to the paint.The carbon nano-tubes would be slightly protruding due to being pulled up by the magnet during the aligning process. And the ammonia atoms in the latex paint would be a great conductor and allow easy capture of the energy to transfer, also ammonia atoms and carbon are best friends in the lab, and for good reason, and great applications as well. Meanwhile the adherence of the quantum dots on the carbon nanotubes prior to mixing the paint, means we could make it happen.Indeed, I am quite confident we could play around with mixtures of paint to make this happen. Weak link being the current technology in carbon-nanotube manufacturing, but I just bet the labs doing high-tech government work already have that figured out. Anyway the transfer of such technology once proved; well, imagine the possibilities;Coating the top of BusesCommuter TrainsBridge girders for powering up lightingWarehouse RoofsHumveesHybrid delivery trucksHeck it has basic military applications as well, we could coat mini-UAVs or MAVs with the stuff and fly them in swarms indefinitely, and capture radar energy from the enemy on the bottom and solar power on top?There are many great aspects to my concept here, you see, Latex Paint can get wet too, without problems. Paint it on or roll it on, or whatever you want, and if you are a global warming alarmist, or worried about Urban Heat, you could paint the top of nearly everything?In fact, cleaning it off could be done by the rain. All you need is a surface exposed to sunlight. How about between all the taxiways and runways at airports, power up the whole thing on solar during the day, generate pressure for storage strategies with excess for evening use.Would you have any thoughts on this comment? Email me, let's talk!

How to Migrate to Canada From India

Before you learn how to migrate to Canada from India, see if Canada is right for you. Statistics from 2006 show that India formed Canada's 3rd highest source of immigrants that year. Only immigrants from UK and China exceeded the number of immigrants from India. The quality of living in Canada is high and is much better when compared to Indian living standards, which is likely the largest incentive for Indian immigrants. Canada is also a liberal country in many ways and becoming a legal resident in Canada is relatively easier when compared to countries like US. At the same time, Canada also offers better job opportunities and has a lucrative job market for trained professionals. There are many political and cultural differences as well as similarities between the two countries and if you are willing to migrate to Canada, you must first have a good knowledge of them. After you have done some research, you can explore the different avenues of migrating. Similarities between India and Canada

• Both are among the largest nations in the world. • A prime minister leads the government in both countries. • A similar form of democracy is in place. • Similarity in education systems. • Cultural diversity and religious practices and faiths are respected in both countries. Differences between India and Canada • Each country offers a different cuisine. • More modern and advanced retail sector in Canada. • Unlike in India, religion is not a major aspect of Canadian life. • Canada is a first world nation. • Health care system as well as economy and living standards are better in Canada. Thus, it's clear why many Indians are eager to immigrate to Canada. Canada represents the western way of living and is willing to offer residency to deserving candidates. There are different ways to obtain permanent residency in Canada. Understand your own situation and determine which of the ways will suit you best. Study A Canadian study permit is given to students from India that are willing to pursue their studies in Canada. If you are accepted from an accredited school, you will get a permit. Before that, one will need to prove the following to obtain the permit:

• Evidence that the student can afford living expenses and tuition. • Evidence of good health. • Evidence of no criminal or violent record. • Promise to leave the country once the course finishes. Entrepreneurs Entrepreneur programs are offered by Canada to experienced business owners if they promise to create new jobs in the country. The entrepreneur must have to have at least two years of experience in the related field to be eligible for applying under the program. One will also have to provide evidence of his net income and net worth to qualify. Investing One can also migrate under the Immigrant Investment Program. If the investor promises to boost the economy of Canada with an investment of no less than C$800,000, he will be considered eligible for immigration. He will also have to meet requirements similar to the Entrepreneur Program. Self Employed Persons Program This particular program is available for self-employed people like athletes, people from the field of cultural activities and management. They will, however, have to show at least two years of relevant experience in the field. Canadian Experience Class Foreign students who have completed their studies in the country and are thought to have acquired the necessary skills to get a job and live in the country can be considered under the Canadian Experience Class and may be allowed a work permit and permanent residency. Looking for more great resources and tips on Canadian Immigration? Visit our website at http://www.canadianimmigration@gmail.co, and our Canadian Immigration YouTube channel at http://www.youtube.com/user/CanadianImmigration1

THE SUPERIOR NANO MATERIAL Nano Graphene Platelets (NGP) outperforms Carbon NanoTubes (CNT)

The Nano Graphene Platelets (NGP) material discovered in 2004 has been studied for a number of years. It has many of the same characteristics as Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT) and other carbon particles; NGPs overall performance equals or exceeds most application performances when compared with any other Nano particles. Nano Graphene Platelets are also known as Graphene Nanoplatelets. Carbon Nano Tubes are also known as Carbon Nanotubes. According to some studies, composites when infused with NGP are stiffer and less prone to failure than composites infused with carbon nano tubes or other nanoparticles. These gains are in the area of 1 order of magnitude. When added to polymers, NGPs mechanical strength exceeds that of Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT). NGP and CNT can have similar functionalization or surface treatments to improve mechanical bonding and electrical characteristics. NGPs superior shape (grid like or fence shape) gives a better mechanical attachment than the CNT tubular shape, this unique shape gives NGP significantly higher strength, puncture and crack resistances, as well as excellent permeability barrier properties. These improved properties can be seen in a host of different materials.

Super capacitors can perform better when made with NGP. NGP based nanocomposite materials exhibit high levels of capacitance and electrical conductivity as well as demonstrating chemical stability and low mass density. The conductive film is superior because of the unique molecular shape of the particles, which can store more electrons than other known materials. When adding 1% to 2 % NGP by volume to aluminum the electrical conductivity and strength are improved significantly. " By David Graber in association with Nano Enhanced Wholesale Technologies, LLC http://www.nano-enhanced-wholesale-technologies.com/ References and Additional Resources Graphene Outperforms Carbon Nanotubes for Creating Stronger, More Crack-Resistant Materials by Professor Nikhil Koratkar April 26, 2010 http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=2715 Angstron Materials Inc. http://angstronmaterials.com/

Incredible Cutting-Edge Medical Technology The Future of Medicine

We have entered the second decade of the twenty-first century. Today, affordable smart phones are widespread, computer game graphics look almost life-like, computer animation is almost indistinguishable from actual footage, remote-controlled drones patrol the skies, and Google maps provide street views of practically any city on Earth. What’s more, every year, the storage capacity of the average computer hard drive increases along with the computing power. We are living on the threshold of what could be a highly advanced future. Along with the computer technology, medical technology is also advancing rapidly. Micro-computers, bionic limbs, artificial organs, nanotechnology, and lab-grown organs can potentially improve the quality of human life and change modern medicine. Such changes may take some time to be fully realized, but they are in their infancy today. Micro-Computers and Nanotechnology Micro-computers are a fascinating concept, and, until fairly recent years, they were only just a concept. But, today, the concept has become a reality. The phrase “worth your weight in salt” does not apply to micro-computers. One such computer that has actually been manufactured is smaller than a grain of salt (4). Professors Dennis Sylvester and David Blaauw, from the University of Michigan, have created a tiny, millimeter-long computer that contains a battery, a central processing unit (CPU), sensors, a tiny radio emitter, and electronics for powering the chip (4). The tiny computer is powered by light, requiring 10 hours of indoor lighting or 1.5 hours of sunlight exposure (4). The device is designed for being inserted into the eyeballs of glaucoma victims. It collects data with sensors and transmits the data through a radio wave (4). If there is too much internal pressure, the chip will transmit the data to medical professionals who will know what to do with the patient. Regarding this incredible technology, Sylvester said, “This is the first true millimeter-scale complete computing system. Our work is unique in the sense that we're thinking about complete systems in which all the components are low-power and fit on the chip. We can collect data, store it and transmit it. The applications for systems of this size are endless” (5).

Another kind of micro-computer is in the process of being developed. Unlike Sylvester and Blaauw’s micro-computer, this one would use DNA for its electrical components. At the Hebrew University of Jerusalem a team of scientists has created the first DNA logic gates (3). Like their non-biological counterparts, the DNA logic gates represent one of two possible states, such as the zeros or ones of binary code (3). When one of two inputs was present at a DNA logic gate, the gate fluoresced, giving off light. And, when both of the two inputs or neither were present, the gate ceased fluorescing. This is similar to how a computer logic gate works. The DNA logic gates, when connected together and injected under the skin, may be able to form a biological-based computing system that can detect, diagnose, and treat common sicknesses or medical conditions (3). Speaking of computers, a fairly new technology field has been gaining ground in recent years. Ever since Don Eigler of IBM spelled out “IBM” with 35 individual xenon atoms in 1989 (13), nanotechnology has been making many breakthroughs. Unlike most technology, which is easily visible to the unaided eye, nanotechnology deals with components much smaller than the head of a pin. Instead of being measured in meters, these components are measured in nanometers. To get a picture of how small this is, a billion nanometers can fit in one meter. Some examples of nanotechnology already in use would include carbon nanotubes (made out of billions of individual carbon atoms). These are currently being used to give extra strength to mountain bikes, golf club, and other high-end sporting equipment (7). Because they are composed entirely of carbon atoms, carbon nanotubes are used in water purification systems. Carbon, which is found in filters and diamonds, is good at attracting impurities and has a strong bonding arrangement.

Nanotechnology also has great promise for the future of medicine. One application of nanotechnology to the medical field is through the use of nanobots--microscopic machines made out of molecules--for fighting infection. Researchers at the Southwest UK Paediatric Burns Centre at Frenchay Hospital in Bristol have teamed up with scientists at the University of Bath to develop a “dressing” that kills pathogens (such as bacteria) by releasing antibiotics from “nanocapsules” (12). The harmful bacteria produce toxins which eat through the “nanocapsules”, releasing antibiotics (12). If this is perfected, the way doctors treat diseases may change. A patient may find that all he or she needs to do to recover from an illness is to simply swallow a pill: a pill filled with “nanocapsules”. Some other possibilities for nanotechnology in medicine might include nanobots for repairing damaged cells, nanobots for accelerating bone repair, and nanobots for killing cancer cells (14). Yes, you read it correctly, nanotechnology is thought to be a possible cure for cancer. Bionics Nanotechnology also has another application in the developing area of medical technology called bionics. Imagine that you lose both your hands. Now, you are unable to work or do a lot of the things you enjoy. But, there is no need to worry. All you have to do is purchase an i-LIMB and have it installed. It sounds like it could be something made by Apple along the same lines of an iphone or ipod, but the i-LIMB is not another phone or portable computer. It is a prosthetic, robotic hand, created by Touch Bionics, that allows users to pick up a variety of objects, including glasses, playing cards, and suitcases. It works by detecting tiny electrical signals from arm muscles to control the movements of its individual, robotic fingers, wrist, and thumb (11). Bionic legs that work in a similar way to the i-LIMB are also on the market. Besides prosthetic limbs, bionic technology offers replacement hearts, lungs, eyes, ears, and the potential for much more. Since we don’t have time to delve into all these unique and cutting-edge technologies, let’s take a look at the bionic eye. The Argus II, an amazing device created by Second Sight, a California-based company, allows the blind to see once again, albeit with limited vision. According to Robert Greenberg, president and CEO of Second Sight, "Patients can locate and recognize simple objects, see people in front of them, and follow their movement. They can find doors and windows, follow lines, and in the best cases read large print slowly” (6). This limited amount of sight comes with a cost: 115,000 U.S. dollars (6). It makes use of an array of electrical photoreceptors that stimulate retinal cells at the back of the eye, which then send a signal through the optic nerves to the brain. A wireless signal is transmitted from a camera built into a pair of glasses, worn by the patient, to a chip implanted near the retina (6). Besides having limited seeing capabilities, the Argus II only works for people who have a rare disease called retinitis pigmentosa, which only damages light-sensing photoreceptors and leaves the other retinal cells alone (6). The Argus II is currently only available in a number of clinics in the U.K., France, and Switzerland (6). If you live in the United States and you have retinitis pigmentosa, you’ll have to hop on a plane and have over 115,000 dollars at your disposal. For most, this is far too costly. Perhaps, as the technology is refined, it will become cheaper and more available to the general public. Pretend that you had a healthy eye, but your optic nerve was damaged. Is there any way to repair the damaged nerve? We have looked at bionic hands and mentioned bionic legs, but is there such thing as a bionic nerve? Surprisingly, the answer is “yes”. Scientists at the University of Manchester have converted adult fat-tissue stem cells from animals into nerve cells (2). Their goal is to make an artificial nerve to replace damaged nerves or nerve sections. Soon, they will be collecting adult stem cells and will try to convert them into nerve cells. They plan to make a “bionic” nerve by inserting the converted stem cells into a biodegradable polymer tube, which they will then surgically place into a break in a nerve (2). The growing nerve fiber will be able to pass through the tube and connect with the other end of the nerve, repairing the break (2). This “bionic” nerve could replace broken nerves in patients with cancer, in patients who have had tumor surgery, and in patients who have had severe injuries to their limbs (2). Regenerative Medicine Re-growing nerve cells is one thing, but re-growing a finger or a limb is another thing entirely. The technology for re-growing fingers and limbs seems like it would belong in a science-fiction novel. But scientists today think that such science-fiction-like ideas are possible with a new type of medicine called regenerative medicine. Though regenerative medicine is currently in its developmental stage, a few amazing breakthroughs have been made. In 2005, a Cincinnati hobby-store owner, Lee Spievack, cut off his finger tip when showing a customer a model airplane (1). His brother, Alan Spievack, who is a medical research scientist, gave him a special powder to sprinkle on his finger. After taking the powder, Lee Spievack was astonished to find that his fingertip was growing back. Four weeks later, it looked as good as new (1). The powder he took was made from a substance called extracellular matrix. It was developed by scientists at the University of Pittsburgh's McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine (1). The extracellular matrix powder is made from pig bladders (1), but it does not contain in pig cells (9). Instead, the matrix is composed of proteins, such as collagen (9), and connective tissue, which scientists believe stimulates the regeneration of tissue (1). The function of the extracellular matrix is to form a structure that helps cells generate any given body part (9). All animals have this special structure, as do developing babies (or fetuses). Two-year-olds have even been documented to re-grow missing finger tips with no medical help (9). This amazing framework for cell regeneration has many possibilities for the future of medicine. Some believe that the human body may be able to re-grow entire limbs due to the extracellular matrix. If that were possible, bionic prosthetics may be unnecessary. Regenerative medicine is not limited to special powders for regeneration. Dr. Anthony Atala of Wake Forest University has grown muscle tissue, heart tissue, and a total of 18 different types of tissue in his laboratory (1). He’s even grown a mouse heart (1). Atala is quoted in a New York Times article as saying, “A salamander can grow back its leg. Why can’t a human do the same?” (10). One idea Atala has for replacing damaged organs is to surgically insert a biodegradable scaffolding, containing regenerative cells, into the body (10). The cells will theoretically grow to form the replacement organ and the scaffolding will eventually decompose. If this actually works, replacement organs will no longer need to be taken from organ donors when they’ve died (10). Perhaps, in the future, people could extend their lives by replacing their organs and damaged tissues with lab-grown counterparts, but right now that technology is still experimental. Extending and improving the quality of life is the whole purpose of modern medicine. This article focused on some of the technologies being developed in three areas of modern medicine. We looked at the role played by micro-computers and nanotechnology and how nanobots could theoretically stop infections. In the area of bionics, we briefly examined some of the bionic technologies scientists are working on, such as the bionic hand. In the last section, we saw how regenerative medicine has allowed people to grow back their finger tips. Finally, we learned that organs and cell tissues are being grown in laboratories with the goal that they will be used to replace or repair natural organs. There seems to be a pattern in the goals set for the future of medicine technology. Scientists, technologists, and thinkers have envisioned a future where medical technology will provide people with a vehicle to live forever. Aubrey de Grey, a biomedical gerontologist believes that sometime in the future, the process of aging will be stopped. He told a Reuters correspondent that there is “a 50/50 chance of bringing aging under…a decisive level of medical control within the next 25 years or so” (8). He added, “And what I mean by decisive is the same sort of medical control that we have over most infectious diseases today” (8). If this prediction is true, we may find ourselves in a very different world from the one we know. Living for an eternity sounds wonderful, but, on our decaying planet, would it really be such a good thing? Aside from the good reasons for the development of medical technology, does it seem at all like some people may be trying to play God? I leave that thought for you to ponder. Works Cited (1) Andrews, Wyatt. "Medicine's Cutting Edge: Re-Growing Organs." CBSNews.com. CBS Interactive Inc, 11 Feb. 2009. Web. 8 Feb. 2012. (2) "'Bionic' Nerve To Bring Damaged Limbs And Organs Back To Life." sciencedaily.com. ScienceDaily LLC, 17 Oct. 2007. Web. 8 Feb. 2012. (3) Dillow, Clay. "World's First DNA-Based Logic Gates Could Lead to Injectable Bio-computers." Popsci.com. Bonnier Corporation, 2 June 2010. Web. 8 Feb. 2012. (4) Eaton, Kit. "Meet the Cutting Edge of Medicine: 1mm Injectable Computers." FastCompany.com. Mansueto Ventures LLC, 22 Feb. 2011. Web. 8 Feb. 2012. (5) Fahey, Mike. "The World’s Smallest Computer Wants To Be Inside Of You." kotaku.com. kotaku.com, 23 Feb. 2011. Web. 10 Feb. 2012. (6) Graham-Rowe, Duncan. "A Bionic Eye Comes to Market." technologyreview.com. MIT, 7 March 2011. Web. 9 Feb. 2012. (7) Kahn, Jennifer. "Nano's Big Future." NationalGeographic.com. National Geographic Society, June 2006. Web. 8 Feb. 2012. (8) Kelland, Kate. "Who wants to live forever? Scientist sees aging cured." Reuters.com. Thomas Reuters, 4 July 2011. Web. 10 Feb. 2012. (9) Layton, Julia. "Can humans regrow fingers?" health.howstuffworks.com. Discovery Communications, LLC, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2012. (10) Parson, Ann. "A Tissue Engineer Sows Cells and Grows Organs." nytimes.com. The New York Times Company, 11 July 2006. Web. 8 Feb. 2012. (11) "Rebuilding humans using bionics." Science.org.au. Australian Foundation for Science, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2012. (12) "Revolutionary Medical Dressing Uses Nanotechnology to Fight Infection." sciencedaily.com. ScienceDaily LLC, 7 July. 2010. Web. 8 Feb. 2012. (13) Shankland, Stephen. "IBM's 35 atoms and the rise of nanotech." news.cnet.com. CBS Interactive, 28 Sept. 2009. Web. 8 Feb. 2012. (14) "25 Ways Nanotechnology is Revolutionizing Medicine." FutureMedica. FutureMedica, 19 Jan. 2010. Web. 8 Feb. 2012.

Different Kinds of Chromatography

Chromatography is a technique used to isolate the various components of a mixture and this makes its application in analysis of biomolecules very important. It is used to separate and analyse the complex DNA sequences and other compounds, and also the concentration of the samples. There are many types of chromatography used in the study of biomolecules which range from DNA/RNA to recombinant proteins and antibodies. Here are some types of chromatography that you should know about.High Performance Liquid ChromatographySmall particles and High pressure is required to carry out this type of liquid chromatography. HPLC has many forms and its application revolves around drug analysis and other forensic applications. There are forms of HPLC which specifically deal with enzymology and purification of other biomolecules.The reversed phase chromatography has a larger application in industry. In this the stationary phase is non-polar, while the solvent or mobile phase used is polar which is opposite to normal chromatography where stationary phase is polar and the mobile phase is non-polar. The advantage of reverse phase liquid chromatography is that it allows the separation of a large variety of samples, with a wide range of molecular weights and polarities involved. It is easy to use and results are attained rapidly.Fast Protein Liquid ChromatographyFPLC is also a form of liquid chromatography and it specializes in separating proteins from complexes, as the name suggests. FPLC is popularly used in enzymology, with a complete setup designed especially for separation of proteins and other biomolecules. Cross linked agarose beads are used.Aqueous- Normal Phase ChromatographyThis type of chromatography has a special feature, it has a mobile phase which is somewhere between polar and non-polar. The mobile phase is based on an organic solvent and a small amount of water which results in it being semi polar.Affinity ChromatographyThis type is again used in the purification of proteins which are bound to tags. The proteins being analysed are marked or labelled with compounds like antigens or biotins. To get pure proteins in the end, the labels are removed; the labels are just there to provide accurate separation of proteins. The mechanism uses a property of biomolecules i.e. affinity for metals, hence various metals are used in the chromatography columns. Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography is an advanced and much refined version of affinity chromatography used in identification of biomolecules these days.Nowadays, there are many more types of chromatography techniques that are being used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Plato, Carbon and the Human Survival Chemistry of the New Renaissance

The world of nanotechnology demonstrates that the ancient Greek Science for Ethical Ends holds a crucial survival message for modern humanity. 21st Century Moral Jurisprudence Law, based upon Immanuel Kant's definition of aesthetics, as art appreciation theory, has no present practical scientific ethical content. However, aesthetics and ethics link together, through a process known as quantum entanglement, where they function together within the world of quantum nano biotechnology. Aristotle's harmonic ethical knowledge to guide a science about ennobling government, for the health of the universe, has been given practical validation with the discovery of a new rigorous chemistry embracing the ancient ethical science.Historically, when a lack of ethics caused one state to threaten another, order from chaos in the form of a disciplined command structure for defense, meant the difference between enslavement or prosperity. A systematic use of natural resources, relying upon a control of state economic wealth, both for the purpose of aggression and defence occurred. Religious and political appeals to aesthetic emotions, about pride, honour, glory or sacrifice, were fused into daily conduct, to instil a common purpose for both aggression and defence. Today, a more real process of obtaining order from chaos is about aesthetics linking with the process of ethical creative thought, through quantum entanglement, to produce a new medical nanotechnology science to guide ennobling global government.The scientific research by the 18th Century logician Immanuel Kant and its relevance to our understanding of ethics, is now seen as a crucial issue for the survival of civilisation. This crucial discovery belongs to the fractal logic now upholding the quantum biological chemistry of the New Florentine Renaissance Project.The Project's directors, Professor Paolo Manzelli and Professor Massimo Pregnolato, awarded the Georgio Napolitano Medal on behalf of the Republic of Italy for establishing the quantum biology chemistry of the New Renaissance, now have dramatic evidence from the Humanities about the global importance of their work. The growing influential international mindset of such organisations as the Telesio- Galilei Academy of Science, London, has recognised the importance of the New Florentine Renaissance. By breaking free from the yoke of the 20th Century entropic world-view, the Academy's vast range of scientific and academic scholars is able to appreciate the vital association between the new Renaissance chemistry and the Florentine New Measurement of Humanity Project.The three 1996 Nobel Laureates had used the logic of the engineer Buckminster Fuller to establish their Fullerene Chemistry as a base for their medical life science institute called C Sixty Inc. Harvard University's Novartis Professor Amy Edmondson, internationally known for her contributions to aesthetic reasoning within the corporate sector, had published that Buckminster Fuller had derived his crucial synergistic energy concepts from the mathematical writings of the Greek philosopher Plato. Accordingly, the Science-Art Centre in Australia, renamed the chemistry as Platonic-Fullerene Chemistry. This was to help the public to feel better equipped to understand about the new rebirth of the lost Classical Greek life-science, The Science for Ethical Ends.From the perspective of this new chemistry, the morality, aesthetics and ethics that the philosopher Immanuel Kant associated with law, politics and society is more easily explainable. We can remember, that during the 18th Century, people were beginning to associate electricity with spiritual reality. We can imagine the mindset of Immanuel Kant, the scientist, who held that ethics was about an infinite God-like evolution of consciousness based upon electromagnetic principles. There is a direct link between Kant's work and Buckmister Fuller's synergistic science of life principles. Fuller derived his work from Plato's mathematics about ethical spiritual godlike optical engineering principles. The new rigorous medical chemistry can guide us politically toward the discovery of new futuristic technologies to ensure the betterment of the global human condition. The sooner this human survival ethic bears the approval of International Red Cross, the better.The public is becoming aware of a vast confusion of legal opinion associated with modern global economic rationalism. The earth's environment is being polluted and serious threats to the health and well-being of the global community are occurring, seemingly without practical solutions. Because of the new Platonic-Fullerene Chemistry, it is reasonable to re-examine the ethics associated with Hans Christian Oersted's discovery of electromagnetism linked with Kant's philosophy of science, as outlined in the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science of 1786. We can now successfully change the various relevant research methodologies used up until the present time, where Kant's Aesthetics, the theory of art appreciation, came to influence today's inadequate moral and ethical jurisprudence policies of corporations and governments.The new rigorous Platonic-Fullerene Chemistry is consistent with the discovery last century of Sir Isaac Newton's unpublished Heresy Papers, in which Newton expressed his certain conviction that the mechanical description of the universe is balanced by a natural, more profound philosophy, based upon the same physics principles that upheld both Plato and Fuller's ethical world-views. This was given credence when the NASA Astrophysics High Energy Division Library, published argument that the Classical Greek life-science world-view is based upon infinite fractal harmonic geometrical logic. Such logic is in complete contradiction to the entropic logic upholding global economic rationalism. Newton's unpublished papers can no longer be classified as belonging to a criminally insane mind, brought about by breathing mercurial fumes within his alchemy laboratory.We can see immediately why Kant's Aesthetics, art appreciation theory, was incorrectly used within the global corporate sector to construct endless complex policies to guide fair business models to optimize perpetual commercial activity, in the mistaken belief that they were serving the interests of global society. Kant's ethics were based upon the concept that they belonged to the infinite evolution of a God-like consciousness, leading to the concept of Perpetual Peace on earth. The only logic that can accommodate such a concept belongs to infinite fractal geometrical logic, but that concept is simply not permissible within present entropic global economic rationalism.Global economic rationalism, being totally governed by the logic upholding the 20th Century's unbalanced entropic chemistry, automatically forbids such ethics to exist. The governing law of universal entropy demands the eventual extinction of all life in the universe and therefore, accepted modern life-sciences can only be about species moving toward extinction. This superstitious religious Dark Age mentality prevails in the face of the 21st Century discovery of Platonic-Fullerene quantum biological chemistry. In general, the Perpetual Peace belonging to the holographic engineering principles of the Science for Ethical Ends cannot even be the subject of transparent critical debate within our universities. Meanwhile, the unbalanced Aesthetic Jurisprudence governing global economic rationalism can only accelerate the prime destructive directive of our entropic physics and chemistry.Kant's Aesthetics is defined as the theory of art appreciation. A beautiful painting of majestic waterfalls, represents seeing beauty within the process of materialistic decay. Kant's ethics were about Plato's spiritual optics associated with evolving consciousness. By using special 3-D glasses we can see that some artists over the centuries unconsciously depicted fractal logic holographic images within their paintings. Kant had been forbidden by Church authorities to allude to that now proven evolving optical sense perception. Such optical evidence can readily be linked to the discovery of the Molecule of Emotion in 1972 by Dr Candace Pert. That molecule evolves by the process of increasing the speed of its molecular movement, a principle of physics belonging to Sir Isaac Newton's heretical, but balanced world-view and also much earlier in history, to the Platonic Science for Ethical Ends.A difference between aesthetics and ethics in terms of an understanding of the second law of thermodynamics, which forbids infinite electromagnetic life-science ethics to exist, became evident in the early 20th Century. Maria Montessori is listed in TIME Magazine's Century of Science, as the greatest scientist of 1907. Her research into how electromagnetism influenced evolutionary creativity in young children was critical of Einstein's understanding of the second law of thermodynamics, by referring to it as the greed energy law.Montessori's colleague, Tielhard de Chardin, argued that their electromagnetic Golden Gates to the future could only open for all people at the same time and not for any chosen race or privileged few. In direct contrast, her financial supporters, Graham Alexander Bell and President Woodrow Wilson, used Charles Darwin's life-science, based upon the second law of thermodynamics, to guide the American Darwinian Eugenics political program. During the 1930s, many states in the U.S. had eugenics laws, with those in California being used as a base for eugenics legislation under the dictatorship of Adolph Hitler. Ethics certainly cannot exist within an entropic Nazi culture, nor can it exist within the culture of entropic global economic rationalism.The six essays compiled through 1976 to 1994,by the Max Planck Institute's Astrophysicist Peter Kafka, entitled The Principle of Creation and the Global Acceleration Crisis, predicted the 21st Century global economic collapse. Professor Kafka referred to the second law as being a diabolical worship of the ancient god of chaos, Diabolos. In the last paragraph, Kafka writes that when the situation becomes too ugly and becomes unbearable, people will understand that strange attractors are near.Beautiful attractors belong to the fractal thought processes providing aesthetic emotional response to beauty within the world of material entropic decay. Strange attractors function within the quantum entanglement process, where aesthetic emotion allows for cerebral electromagnetic pattern recognition to provide rational ethical knowledge belonging to the Platonic Science for Ethical Ends. This evolving life-science wisdom was Sir Isaac Newton's more profound natural philosophy to balance entropic decay. His linking of evolutionary information carried by light in association with gravity, is now relevant to quantum biology.The search for new technologies associated with the balancing of entropic chemistry with the Platonic-Fullerene chemistry is generating a vast melting pot of new ideas to help toward establishing a sustainable future for global humanity. The extent of such ideas promotes an optimism that the grave problems threatening humanity can be surmounted by linking the two chemistries to embrace both the material and the holographic (spiritual) environment. From these ideas it becomes clear that an inadequate and ignorant political understanding about the role that carbon plays in the living process is now endangering global human survival. Global climate change, as a life science, cannot be linked to the infinite fractal logic functioning of a rain-cloud, because Einstein's understanding of the second law of thermodynamics, as the Premier law of all of science, being finite, prohibits it.The properties of light passing through the liquid crystal construction of the cellular membrane into Buckminster Fullerene carbon nanotubes, to constantly enfold protein patterning in the DNAin order to to fulfil an infinite universal fractal guidence, has been nano-photographed, but such evidence remains classified as a political no go zone within the floundering obsolete World educational system. This is because, evidence demonstrating a life-science association with Kant's ethics is automatically considered to be inconceivable within its linited world-view. For example, the Australian Government certainly exhibits genuine feelings of aesthetic compassion but owing to its entropic hostility, cannot link it to any practical ethical principles associated with the functioning of carbon within the new nanotechnology chemistry.The issue of gaining a better understanding of the biological properties of Fullerene carbon is a crucial one. As the Australian Government teeters on the brink of collapse over its decision to impose a carbon tax, the public is beginning to realise that both it and the opposition are not at all conversant with the role that carbon actually plays within the now rapidly changing global environment. In Australia, university advisors on that subject, labouring within the confines of a totally entropic culture, have little knowledge about the new balancing Fullerene chemistry, let alone its rigorous physics association with the Platonic Science for Ethical Ends.In 1984 the Science-Art Research Centre's Bio-Aestheticist, the late Dr George Robert Cockburn, Royal fellow of Medicine (London) published a book correcting Immanuel Kant's Aesthetics, entitled A Bio-Aesthetic Key to Creative Physics and Art. In 200, the Artist-author Christopher Degenhardt, published a Review of the book, revealing that Cockburn had reached the same conclusion that the 19th Century mathematician Bernard Bolzano made in his Theory of Science, when he also corrected Immanuel Kant's Aesthetics. Bolzano identified the infinite bio-properties of the strange attractor, which gives credence to Kant's concept that ethics was about an infinite evolution of consciousness, as was later proposed by the Nobel laureate in medicine, Svent- Gyoergyi.Chris Degenhardt was presented with the Centre's 2009 Cockburn Memorial Award, for his discovery and later published essays about the new Florentine quantum biology chemistry's association with the properties of carbon activity functioning contrary to the entropic worldview. The April May 2011 issue of Cosmos Magazine quotes a statement by the journalist Rachel Ehrenberg, who refers to the bizarre world of carbon nanotubes. She writes "that they appear to break laws of physics, behave in ways chemistry can't explain and could be a new source of power".The physicist, Dr Paul Taylor, recently returned from an exploration trip along the Amazon River, to research ancient biochar technolgy, organised with Dr Paul Widman, former Co- Chair of the United Nations University Millennium Project's Australasian Node, to hold a Black Carbon Research Workshop. This took place at the Science-Art Centre's Castle on The Hill in Australia, near Mt Warning in the Tweed Valley of New South Wales during April 2011. Paul Taylor, editor and co-author of the book The Biochar Revolution, with contributions from 18 Biochar experts and authors, spoke about the lost secret of the ancient Amazon Indian's Terra Pretta or Black Earth agricultural successes, described by the Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana during the 16th Century. Paul Wildman, economics advisor to the Science-Art Centre, interested in the properties of black carbon nanotube biochar food supply objectives, spoke about the concept of Earth Jurisprudence, in which our economic system as well as our legal system must be reformed to protect basic human rights, in particular a guarantee of a ethically sustainable food supply.The Director of the Sustainability Research Institute of Australia, the engineer Dudley Leggett, argued that the work of Alan Turing, who cracked Nazi Germany's Enigma code and has been recognised as the father of computer science, provided the basis for a better understanding of the value of biochar in agriculture. He pointed out that in 1952 Turing published The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis, describing how biological systems can self organise and showed that the wonders of creation are present in natural code form. Leggett explained that Turing had proposed that a complex balancing code existed in nature, acting beyond the limitations of entropic reality and that Turing's research methodology might be applied to break such a code for the benefit of the global human condition.Dr Wildman, familiar with Aristotle's ethical medical-political science, argued, that it was impossible to obtain research funding about such ideas within the Australian entropic world-view. He proposed that an alternative hands-on endeavour, which he referred to as a 'Bush Mechanics' approach, should be employed. Working with one of the authors of the book The Biochar Revolution, Char Master Dolph Cooke, they had established a practical Biochar enterprise at Mebbin Springs in Northern New South Wales.In conclusion, this essay attempts to stimulate scientific research within the Humanities, which embraces the great adventure of rigorous guidance from the Florentine quantum biology discoveries. Plato pointed out, that, without a sure knowledge of the engineering principles of spiritual (holographic) optics, all other engineering philosophies are barbaric and lead to warfare. To make matters even worse, the innate 'evil' associated with such an entropic philosophic culture was held to lead to the emergence of the destructive property of unformed matter from within the physical atom. Hence, Buckminster Fuller's warning in his book titled Utopia of Oblivion.© Professor Robert Pope

Why DARPA Should Fund Master RC Modelers to Build Prototypes

The other day, I was talking to a master modeler who dealt with remote-controlled aircraft, he is a hobbyist working out of his garage creating some really spectacular new designs, and also replicas of previous famous aircraft in American history. Interestingly enough, for him to make these replicas fly, he has to often redesign and tinker with the plans and designs. Often he has to change the control surfaces, deal with stability issues, rebalance the aircraft, and modify the components. Okay so, I would like to talk to you about this for a moment if I might.You see, he may just be a hobbyist, but he has valuable insight into aerospace design and engineering. In fact if you think about it he is operating in the applied sciences arena of engineering. He is creating prototypes, often they crash and burn, but just like DARPA for instance, it is high risk, high gain. What he learns he usually shares with other RC modelers, and he shared some of his knowledge with me. I've always said that we should take all of the former "vertical takeoff and landing" or VTOL designs of the past, and now that we have new materials, we should build them in the present, fly them, and see what we learn.Yes, I would submit to you that many of these aircraft which had crashed and burned as prototypes, may flight today as RC models, and be perfect for micro air vehicles or unmanned aerial vehicles in the battlespace. These older designs are quite awesome, and perhaps they didn't fly at the time due to weight, or materials of the day, but now all that has changed thanks to carbon composites, and the next round of carbon nano-tubes, with graphene coatings. It seems to me there are so many awesome designs coming out of aerospace engineering schools around the country, so many great designs and artists renderings, but we never do anything about it.At minimum, we should find all of these garage innovators and RC modelers and have them match the artists renderings and the best designs put forth by engineering students, professors, and those in the private sector and build them as remote-controlled model airplanes. Let's see if they work, and each time we do, we will learn more and more, and then we should pay people to write up what has been learned, and have these folks who are building the aircraft record it step-by-step using their iPad taking digital pictures, and sound videos explaining it all.These modelers are already building these airplanes. So why not fund them the cost to build the aircraft, what would it cost, $1000 per design? After it's written up, let them keep the model after it's been videotaped, recorded, and we have the prototype pictures, and building process digitized. Imagine what we can learn, imagine the increased RC modeler group of people out there who would be dedicated to the cost to advancing aerospace engineering and science.Not only that, it would make it fun for the next generation, this is a cool idea, and we should do it right away and establish a fund, it wouldn't even cost that much, but the benefits would be astronomical, and hyperbolic because the more we learn, and the more we build, and the more we crash these things, fix the problems and go again, the quicker in rapid succession we can advance the future of aeronautics. I don't want to hear any excuses, just do this.There's no reason we can't. We must advance the future of America, and there is no excuse not to do it right here and right now, today. Get it done.